Siam
estats fòrça ben recebuts per lo PEN
ongarés e lei conferenciers èran generalament chanuts e tras
qu'interessants. De còps, avem escotat de testimoniatges tot plen de lanha e
d'esmai subretot benlèu venents de jusièus qu'avián patit dins son enfança
dau temps de la tarribla Shoah. Après lei conferencias, lo mai interessant siguèt
tanben aqueleis escambis informaus que te permeton de rescontrar lo mond e adonc
de nos coneisser un pauc a l'entorn d'una cervesa o d'un golach... Eriam en pichòt
comitat per aquest acamp regionau dau PEN, entre 30 e 40 personas de 18 país
diferents se comptant coma país Montenegro, Euskadi, Catalonha o lo país
d'escrivèires jusièus qu'eran d'unei, passat un moment en cèrca de
nacionalitat, coma d'apatridas. Avem evocat diversei problematicas e mai que mai
a prepaus dei literaturas en lenga minorisada, se n'i a que son interessats, ai
quauquei contribucions (mai tot es en anglés of course). Lei literaturas basca
e catalana èran rapresentadas per respòndre tanben a la question 2 qu'ai
causit valènt a dire la plaça d'escrivèires coma nosautrei dins lo context de
l'Estat Nacion. S'es parlat tanben d'una minoritat yenicha que resta en Soissa
alemanica e que conessiáu pas, de caracas que parlan una lenga fòrça pròcha
dau yidich e que son puslèu blonds. Franca Tiberto de Soïssa e Kaiser Ozhun
saludan amistosament Joan Frederic qu'an dejà rescontrat en Corèia o endacòm
mai coma me diguèron.
Amistats en totei.
What does the unity of nation, literature and language mean after the emergence of the nation-states? What does the condition of living and writing as the member of a linguistic minority mean today? How important are linguistic ties in the life of a nation? Do writers working in a minority environment contribute to the development and enrichment of the culture of the majority nation? |
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« Call
me Catòia », yes, Catòia the Enfarine. Never
have I been like others. Never.
Because I am Catòia. And also because I am an Enfarine. At Saint Geniès,
nobody knows I am Catòia
Nobody
knows I am an Enfarine. But I know, I, Amans Baptiste Blaise
Coudoumier... This
is how the Occitan writer Jean Boudou that I place very high in the
Pantheon of Oc literature
begins his book of Catòia, recalling from the start the humiliation the
child swallowed
because of his family marginality. We are in the 1801 context, when the
Concordate was signed
in the Rouergue of the
Enfarines which was resisting the Civil
Constitution of the clergy promulgated
after the Revolution. In his novels Boudou often staged fringe characters,
at the universal fringe of life, the dropouts, the maimed, who were
socially humiliated, probably
echoing the humiliation that those children who spoke the Oc language and
the other languages minorized
at school in the socio-linguistic context of the late 19th
century onward experienced. At
school, chasing patois off was the rule as a result of a long historical
process that forged an officially monolinguistic France. In France, the
choice of a compulsory
national language resulted from a debate at the Convention. Before the
French Revolution,
what
was called provincial idioms were fairly often in use. Around
1790 the Constituante, for mere efficiency’s
sake, had decided to have its decrees and current official texts
translated. (It
is reckoned that
20% of citizens were fluent in French). Thus appeared small translation
businesses but in 1791, Talleyrand proposed to open a school in each
parish with
the mission to chase off dialects.
As soon as 1790,
Abbé Grégoire, Nancy’s deputy, directed an
enquiry on the « patois ». The answers, most of the time
written out by patriotic societies, miror the opinion of a middle class
already conquered by the “Language of Enlightment”, and at the same
time point out and stigmatize the general use of Occitan. – Our patois
is too coarse -, this judgement often recurs as a leitmotive. Grégoire
submitted his report to the Convention during the 1793 summer: His
viewpoint is clear: « It
is of more matter in politics than currently admitted to erradicate that
variety of coarse idioms which
protracts reason’s infancy and the old age of prejudices ». A
deputy from Tarbes, Barrère Viusac
claims : « The language shall be one like the Republic ».
And the
Convention concluded in november
1794: « Teaching will be made in French and the local idiom will be
only tolerated as instrumental.”The decision and the opinions entailing
it reflect the conjunction of the class-consciousness of the accultured, a
sort of national faith in the European language of philosophy, together
with the republican struggle and the alienation of the Occitan person. Not
a single time was the language envisaged in its historical
and cultural dimension. However,
he who celebrated « the universality of the French language »,
Rivarol, was well-informed of the Troubadours’ lyric. All
that subsisted at the Convention of
the literature, culture and Occitan civilization, were patois,
“patois”: a single word of the French language
to comprehend a crowd of idioms, how can it afford so much confusion? Here
is the secret of the
language the of Enlightenment. Neither Occitan, nor Catalan, nor Breton,
nor Basque, nor Corsican
are
regarded as languages as such.The
completion of the educational project of the Convention was delayed for
nearly a century because of
the lack of teachers. Jules Ferry achieved it through his 1881/1885 laic
laws. The inquiry directed by the minister Duruy then shows that Occitan
is the only language for 70 to 90% of the southern population at large. In
Jules Ferry’s project, the anti-patois prejudice immediately appears,
the prejudice of the populations and of the schoolmasters who became the Republic’s
Black Hussars and played an ambivalent part. Sons of the people, most of
them had suffered
harassment for the use of Occitan in their families and they reproduced it
willfully in their pedagogy,
often for a personal revenge as it were.
It
can be said that the punishment for speaking patois
in class, or even in the playground (the famous « signal », a
hare bone in Haute Povence that the
children passed to each other as soon as a patois word came on their lips)
was enforced in
French schools for about 80 years practically without exception. In
1893, the Correspondance générale
de l'instruction primaire wrote : « The
patois is the worst enemy of the teaching of French
in
our primary schools. » The word « patois » is recurrent,
the language is never namely referred to.The poet Perbosc, a restorer of
classic Occitan and a schoolmaster, was sanctioned after an inspection in
the following terms : « He sets exercises in patois ». From
1885,
compulsory school is generalized everywhere in France on a nationalist
pattern. The
cult
of the motherland is an organic part of the lesson to be taught. And
if the various wonders of the beautiful provinces are celebrated in Le
Tour de la France par deux enfants, it is as an inner richess
of the Nation and it must serve it. Such
is the history of French centralism where the City of Lights is the
lighthouse beaming over the whole country. Indeed, there were children
saved from illetrism and want in the process, indeed the knowledge of the
three Rs allows some emancipation and some country children were able to
improve their social position... But
the history syllabus sounds like a nationalist cathechism. In
fact it was written by Ernest Lavisse a great professional historian who
became for primary schools a shameless brainwashing ideologist. History is
according to him the history of France and nothing else :
the various histories of other European nations are barely alluded to. It
is an oversimplifying history
using the founding myths of an exalted jingoism : the Gauls, Clovis,
the myth of Charlemagne as
a French sovereign, the myth of sacring in Reims, of Joan of Arc and of
the “40 kings who made France”.
The
republican secular history is able to swallow the glories of the Ancient Regime
and the religious high feats indifferently for the Nation’s sake
A
final aim crowns it all : one and indivisible France must accomplish
itself on a transcendent model, on a
hexagonal territory. The
price of this history of French fulfilment is Occitan emptiness, the
erasing of the Wisigoths to benefit the Francs, the erasing of the
Albigensian crusade, the 100-years War with no other references
than English and French ones.
Some
incredulity still prevails regarding the history of the Occitan expans
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"Oui,
je suis "Catòia", Catòia l'Enfariné. Jamais je n'ai été
comme les autres. Jamais. Parce que je suis Catòia. Et aussi parce que je
suis Enfariné. A Saint Geniès, personne ne sais que je suis Catòia.
Personne ne sait que je suis Enfariné. Mais moi, je le sais, moi, Amans
Baptiste Blaise Coudoumier..." |
Thierry Òffre representant de nòstre
PEN de lenga d'òc a Budapest